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An Evaluation of the Human Urinary Microbiome and Urinary Symptoms Throughout a Short-Duration Space-Flight [Microbiome in Space (Ax-1)] evaluates whether space alters the human urinary tract microbiome, or community of microorganisms, during the Axiom-1 (Ax-1) private astronaut mission (PAM). Urinary tract infections have previously affected astronauts, and microbiome alterations may increase the risk. Results from this investigation could support development of countermeasures for future spaceflight.